發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-05-15 08:52

【摘要】：隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展以及共享經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代到來(lái),網(wǎng)絡(luò)預(yù)約出租汽車(chē)服務(wù)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,也叫做專車(chē)服務(wù)。其具有很多不同于傳統(tǒng)巡游式出租車(chē)的特點(diǎn):第一,在服務(wù)模式方面,具有信息溝通順暢和無(wú)需街邊等候等優(yōu)點(diǎn);第二,支付方式簡(jiǎn)便,費(fèi)用通過(guò)手機(jī)等方式支付,不再使用現(xiàn)金結(jié)算;第三,汽車(chē)閑置資源得以高效利用,同時(shí),也為很多人創(chuàng)造了兼職或?qū)Ｂ殞＼?chē)服務(wù)司機(jī)的機(jī)會(huì)。由前述可知,專車(chē)服務(wù)具有諸多的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)點(diǎn),但也引發(fā)了許多利益沖突。其中,以專車(chē)服務(wù)與傳統(tǒng)巡游式出租車(chē)之間的利益沖突最為顯著:第一,專車(chē)服務(wù)打破了傳統(tǒng)巡游式出租車(chē)的壟斷利益,本就按時(shí)繳納“份子錢(qián)”的出租車(chē)司機(jī)在此時(shí)的經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力變得更大,市場(chǎng)份額降低。第二,傳統(tǒng)出租車(chē)具有公共屬性,需要通過(guò)行政許可來(lái)獲得經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán),而專車(chē)服務(wù)則不具有公共屬性卻占用道路資源而分享乘客資源。第三,市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入門(mén)檻也低于傳統(tǒng)出租車(chē)行業(yè),沒(méi)有施行“牌照管制”制度。第四,專車(chē)服務(wù)的出現(xiàn)客觀反應(yīng)了市場(chǎng)需求的波動(dòng),唯有需求方的刺激才會(huì)促成供給方的主動(dòng)改革,政府在專車(chē)服務(wù)的行政法規(guī)制中要以維護(hù)公共利益為目的,合理運(yùn)用行業(yè)指導(dǎo)權(quán),減少市場(chǎng)發(fā)展的負(fù)外部性,不能為了保護(hù)傳統(tǒng)出租車(chē)行業(yè)的集團(tuán)利益而打壓專車(chē)服務(wù)。其實(shí),面對(duì)交通運(yùn)輸市場(chǎng)的新變化,交通部和工信部等中央部門(mén)和地方人民政府都及時(shí)進(jìn)行了規(guī)制。交通部作為主管部門(mén),進(jìn)行了如下規(guī)制:第一,認(rèn)可了專車(chē)服務(wù)的合法地位;第二,從車(chē)輛、駕駛員和專車(chē)服務(wù)平臺(tái)及其經(jīng)營(yíng)行為方面進(jìn)行了硬性規(guī)定;第三,明確了專車(chē)服務(wù)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)中各主體的法律責(zé)任;第四,對(duì)于專車(chē)服務(wù)的價(jià)格管制有很大程度的放松,由市場(chǎng)決定和調(diào)節(jié),不再實(shí)行政府指導(dǎo)價(jià)。但是,交通部的部門(mén)規(guī)章作為執(zhí)行性的法律而言,仍然存在不足之處,其在創(chuàng)設(shè)行政許可事項(xiàng)時(shí)欠缺合法性。由此,也反映出我國(guó)行政法規(guī)制領(lǐng)域的諸多問(wèn)題:第一,行政法律法規(guī)的缺位,僅有《道路運(yùn)輸條例》這一部行政法規(guī)來(lái)對(duì)專車(chē)服務(wù)進(jìn)行規(guī)制;第二,行政許可制度不規(guī)范,尤其是涉及市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入門(mén)檻、價(jià)格管制和數(shù)量管制等方面;第三,行政立法程序不規(guī)范,重實(shí)體而輕程序是長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)的做法,公眾參與專車(chē)服務(wù)的參與度不高。所以,專車(chē)服務(wù)的行政法規(guī)制要做到以下幾方面:第一,遵循合法性原則、合理性原則、比例平衡原則和行政效益原則,這是專車(chē)服務(wù)行政法規(guī)制的前提;第二,完善行政法律體系,整合現(xiàn)有法律資源,通過(guò)地方性法規(guī)等切合地方實(shí)際的立法活動(dòng)來(lái)對(duì)專車(chē)服務(wù)進(jìn)行規(guī)制;第三,規(guī)范行政許可制度,降低市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入門(mén)檻,破除數(shù)量管制和價(jià)格管制的固有管理思維;第四,規(guī)范部門(mén)規(guī)章的執(zhí)行性法律地位,不擅自創(chuàng)設(shè)行政許可事項(xiàng);第五,規(guī)范行政立法程序,動(dòng)議權(quán)主體走向多元化,強(qiáng)化公眾在行政立法中的作用,完善包括聽(tīng)證會(huì)和論證會(huì)在內(nèi)的行政立法程序制度建設(shè)。本文通過(guò)文獻(xiàn)分析法、比較分析法和跨學(xué)科研究法對(duì)專車(chē)服務(wù)行政法規(guī)制的現(xiàn)狀和完善建議進(jìn)行了研究。在共享經(jīng)濟(jì)蓬勃發(fā)展的大環(huán)境中,專車(chē)服務(wù)的行政法規(guī)制應(yīng)當(dāng)是為了整個(gè)社會(huì)的共同利益,滿足乘客的出行需求,促進(jìn)傳統(tǒng)出租車(chē)行業(yè)的變革和創(chuàng)新,形成一個(gè)有序、健康的交通運(yùn)輸市場(chǎng)環(huán)境。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of the network technology and the coming of the time of sharing the economy, the network reservation taxi service comes into being, also called a special car service. The method has the advantages of being different from the traditional cruise type taxi, first, in the service mode, has the advantages of smooth information communication and no need of street waiting, and the second, the payment method is simple and convenient, the cost is paid through a mobile phone and the like, and the cash settlement is no longer used; and thirdly, The idle resources of the automobile are effectively utilized, and at the same time, a part-time or full-time dedicated bus service driver is provided for many people. As can be seen from the foregoing, the car service has many characteristics and advantages, but also has caused many conflicts of interest. Among them, the conflict of interest among the special vehicle service and the traditional cruise-type taxi is the most remarkable: first, the special vehicle service breaks the monopoly interest of the traditional cruise-type taxi, and the economic pressure of the taxi driver who is paying the "the money of the terrorists" on time becomes larger and the market share is reduced. Second, the traditional taxi has the public attribute, and it is necessary to obtain the management right through the administrative license, while the special vehicle service does not have the public attribute but takes the road resources to share the passenger's resources. Thirdly, the threshold of market access is also lower than that of the traditional taxi industry, and the "license plate control" system is not implemented. Fourth, the appearance of the special car service objectively reflects the fluctuation of the market demand, only the demand side's stimulus will lead to the active reform of the private party, and the government should use the industry guidance right in order to maintain the public interest in the administrative regulations of the special vehicle service. The negative externality of the market development can not be reduced to protect the traditional taxi industry's group interests. In fact, in the face of new changes in the transport market, the central departments and local people's governments, such as the Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Industry and Information, have been regulated in a timely manner. The Ministry of Communications, as the competent department, carries out the following regulation: first, the legal status of the special vehicle service is recognized; secondly, the rigid regulation is made from the vehicle, the driver and the specialized vehicle service platform and the operation behavior thereof; and thirdly, The legal liability of each main body in the operation activities of the special vehicle is defined; and fourthly, the price control of the special vehicle service has a great degree of relaxation, which is determined and adjusted by the market, and the government-guided price is no longer applied. However, the department rules of the Ministry of Communications, as the law of the enforcement, still have the shortcomings, which are deficient in the creation of administrative license matters. As a result, many problems in the field of administrative regulations in China are also reflected: first, the absence of administrative laws and regulations, only the road transport regulations and the administrative regulations to regulate the service of the special vehicle; secondly, the system of administrative license is not regulated, in particular to the threshold of market access, In the aspects of price control and quantity control, the third, the administrative legislative process is not standard, the heavy entity and the light procedure are a long-term practice, and the participation of the public in the special car service is not high. Therefore, the administrative regulations of the special vehicle service should be made in the following aspects: first, following the principle of legality, the principle of rationality, the principle of proportionality balance and the principle of the administrative benefit, which is the premise of the administrative regulations of the special vehicle service; and secondly, to improve the administrative legal system and the existing legal resources, To regulate the service of the special vehicle through local regulations and other relevant local and practical legislative activities; and thirdly, to standardize the administrative license system, to reduce the threshold of market access, to eliminate the inherent management thinking of quantity control and price control, and to standardize the executive legal status of the department rules, In order to improve the public's role in the administrative legislation, the construction of the administrative legislative procedure system, including the hearing and the debate, should be improved. Based on the literature analysis, the comparative analysis and the cross-disciplinary research, this paper studies the present situation and the perfection of the special vehicle service administrative regulations. In the big environment where the economy is booming, the administrative regulations of the special car service should be for the common interests of the whole society, meet the travel demand of the passengers, promote the change and innovation of the traditional taxi industry, and form an orderly and healthy transportation market environment.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D922.1

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