19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初英國“仁慈專制”統(tǒng)治下的印度人口普查研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-02 18:44
【摘要】：印度第十五次全國人口普查于2010年4月正式啟動,重新開始了闊別八十年的種姓普查,而這一舉動遭到了大多數(shù)民眾的反對,主要理由是對殖民時期人口普查所遺留下來的社會問題的擔(dān)憂。本文在掌握1872年-1911年普查報告的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初英國所采取的對印“仁慈專制”統(tǒng)治特色,分析了殖民政府主持的人口普查對印度社會的正反兩方面影響。全文共分為三大部分： 第一部分簡述了該時期英國對印采取的統(tǒng)治方式——“仁慈專制”。它不僅是英國政府吸取1858年印度大起義的教訓(xùn)后采取的緩和措施,也是受到國內(nèi)關(guān)于“帝國負(fù)擔(dān)論”的輿論壓力所采取的折中辦法。一方面,英國以西方的尺度衡量印度,時刻強(qiáng)調(diào)殖民統(tǒng)治的合理性。另一方面,為了保證英國統(tǒng)治的穩(wěn)定性,殖民者認(rèn)為有必要適當(dāng)提高印度人的利益。在這種統(tǒng)治特色下執(zhí)行的人口普查,勢必有其“仁慈”的一面,亦有其“專制”的一面。 第二部分分析了殖民時期人口普查對印度社會“仁慈”的一面。英國殖民者通過多次人口普查實(shí)踐,給獨(dú)立印度留下了成熟的普查條件,在意識層面將印度人整合成一個共同體,為民族主義的萌芽奠定了基礎(chǔ),并通過普查結(jié)果解決了許多社會問題,一定程度上保障了民眾的幸福和國家的發(fā)展。 第三部分探索了殖民時期人口普查對印度社會“專制”的一面,以宗教和種姓為主。在宗教方面,殖民政府通過泛化印度教定義,制造了印度教一教獨(dú)大的局面,利用印穆之間的人口數(shù)量問題,達(dá)到“分而治之”的目的,激化了印穆教派沖突。在種姓方面,不僅通過過細(xì)的分類導(dǎo)致種姓意識的強(qiáng)化,并利用以民意為基礎(chǔ)的種姓階序排列激發(fā)種姓內(nèi)部的地位爭奪,加劇了高低種姓間、同等種姓問的沖突。 文章最后指出,繼承了殖民時期人口普查慣例的獨(dú)立印度在執(zhí)行人口普查時,如何正確處理殖民者所遺留的問題,需要經(jīng)過慎重的考慮。
[Abstract]:The 15th National population Census of India was officially launched in April 2010, restarting the eighty-year caste census, a move that was opposed by the majority of the population. The main reason is concern about the social problems left over by colonial censuses. On the basis of mastering the census report from 1872 to 1911 and combining the characteristics of "benevolent autocracy" adopted by Britain in the late 19th century and early 20th century, this paper analyzes the positive and negative effects of the census conducted by the colonial government on Indian society. The paper is divided into three parts: the first part briefly describes the British rule over India in that period-"benevolent autocracy". It is not only a mitigation measure taken by the British government after learning the lesson of the Great Intifada in 1858, but also a compromise under the pressure of public opinion on "Imperial burden Theory" at home. On the one hand, Britain measures India by Western standards, emphasizing the rationality of colonial rule. On the other hand, in order to ensure the stability of British rule, the colonists considered it necessary to properly improve the interests of the Indians. The census carried out under this kind of rule is bound to have its "benevolence" side and its "autocratic" side. The second part analyzes the benevolence of the colonial census to Indian society. The British colonists left a mature census condition for independent India through the practice of many census, and integrated the Indians into a community at the level of consciousness, which laid the foundation for the germination of nationalism. And through the census results to solve many social problems, to a certain extent to ensure the well-being of the people and the development of the country. The third part explores the despotism of the colonial census in Indian society, mainly on religion and caste. In the aspect of religion, the colonial government, by generalizing the definition of Hinduism, created a situation in which Hinduism was dominant and made use of the question of the population between India and Pakistan to achieve the goal of "dividing and ruling it", thus intensifying the conflict between the Hindu and Muslim sects. In the aspect of caste, it not only leads to the strengthening of caste consciousness through too detailed classification, but also uses the order of caste based on public opinion to arouse the status contention within caste, which intensifies the conflict between high and low caste and the same caste. At the end of the paper, it is pointed out that how to correctly deal with the problems left by the colonists in carrying out the census in India, which inherits the tradition of census during the colonial period, needs careful consideration.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K351
本文編號：2306641
[Abstract]:The 15th National population Census of India was officially launched in April 2010, restarting the eighty-year caste census, a move that was opposed by the majority of the population. The main reason is concern about the social problems left over by colonial censuses. On the basis of mastering the census report from 1872 to 1911 and combining the characteristics of "benevolent autocracy" adopted by Britain in the late 19th century and early 20th century, this paper analyzes the positive and negative effects of the census conducted by the colonial government on Indian society. The paper is divided into three parts: the first part briefly describes the British rule over India in that period-"benevolent autocracy". It is not only a mitigation measure taken by the British government after learning the lesson of the Great Intifada in 1858, but also a compromise under the pressure of public opinion on "Imperial burden Theory" at home. On the one hand, Britain measures India by Western standards, emphasizing the rationality of colonial rule. On the other hand, in order to ensure the stability of British rule, the colonists considered it necessary to properly improve the interests of the Indians. The census carried out under this kind of rule is bound to have its "benevolence" side and its "autocratic" side. The second part analyzes the benevolence of the colonial census to Indian society. The British colonists left a mature census condition for independent India through the practice of many census, and integrated the Indians into a community at the level of consciousness, which laid the foundation for the germination of nationalism. And through the census results to solve many social problems, to a certain extent to ensure the well-being of the people and the development of the country. The third part explores the despotism of the colonial census in Indian society, mainly on religion and caste. In the aspect of religion, the colonial government, by generalizing the definition of Hinduism, created a situation in which Hinduism was dominant and made use of the question of the population between India and Pakistan to achieve the goal of "dividing and ruling it", thus intensifying the conflict between the Hindu and Muslim sects. In the aspect of caste, it not only leads to the strengthening of caste consciousness through too detailed classification, but also uses the order of caste based on public opinion to arouse the status contention within caste, which intensifies the conflict between high and low caste and the same caste. At the end of the paper, it is pointed out that how to correctly deal with the problems left by the colonists in carrying out the census in India, which inherits the tradition of census during the colonial period, needs careful consideration.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K351
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