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  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 宋代 借貸業(yè) 體系 消費借貸　出處：《河北大學(xué)》2011年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：借貸業(yè)是封建社會重要的經(jīng)濟門類之一。在宋代,借貸業(yè)隨著經(jīng)濟、政治和社會生活的發(fā)展而進一步發(fā)展。 宋代借貸業(yè)者的階級構(gòu)成復(fù)雜多樣,但借貸業(yè)者主體是官僚、商人和地主。宋代依靠借貸調(diào)劑余缺的人們幾乎涉及各個階級、階層,但是以個體農(nóng)民借貸為主;借貸的原因也多種多樣,多為生活性借貸,也有生產(chǎn)性借貸、經(jīng)營性借貸,并形成了特殊的借貸關(guān)系——京債、軍債。 民間借貸業(yè)的當(dāng)物很多是動產(chǎn),不同的階級、階層所提供的當(dāng)物不同;宋代商品性的物品成為當(dāng)物,是宋代商品經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的表現(xiàn)。宋政府注意對當(dāng)物作出一系列法律規(guī)范。宋代不動產(chǎn)抵押有三種方式——田宅“典賣”、“倚當(dāng)”和“抵當(dāng)”。宋政府立“有利債負準折”法,限制放貸者強行將借貸者田宅折還有利債負。 宋政府注重通過法律手段調(diào)節(jié)債權(quán)人和債務(wù)人的關(guān)系;債務(wù)的償還有主動償還、官為理索、保人代償、強力索還等幾種方式;對于民間借貸中的不能償還的呆壞賬,政府為保證社會的穩(wěn)定采取倚閣和蠲免的措施,同時,債權(quán)人主動蠲免債務(wù)的情況也是多見的。私營質(zhì)庫處于民間借貸的核心地位,所受到的外界影響至為深重,特別是國家的政治經(jīng)濟政策和戰(zhàn)爭環(huán)境往往對民間借貸的影響非常巨大,并且這些影響往往是負面的,阻礙了私營借貸業(yè)的正常發(fā)展。 青苗法在神宗熙寧二年開始實行。此后,青苗法在推行中不斷完善,向靈活實用、可操作方向發(fā)展。青苗法通過政權(quán)的組織機構(gòu)真正建立起自上而下的借貸網(wǎng)絡(luò),并在邊疆地區(qū)推行。青苗錢的抑配是造成社會上層激烈反對的主要原因,但是青苗法滿足了農(nóng)民部分借貸需求、增加了政府收入、在一定程度上打擊了兼并勢力,是中國歷史上農(nóng)業(yè)金融信貸的一次重大突破。 宋代官營借貸業(yè)中牟利經(jīng)營色彩較濃的有檢校放貸、市易賒貸、抵當(dāng)所和抵當(dāng)庫。查核、籍記、保管孤幼財產(chǎn)的檢校庫在熙寧時期進一步地發(fā)展出孤幼財產(chǎn)的放貸收息業(yè)務(wù),其放貸收息業(yè)務(wù)在宋代資金融通的經(jīng)濟活動中占據(jù)了一席之地。開始于熙寧五年的市易法賒貸最初只對大商人貸錢,對中小商人賒貨,均以房地產(chǎn)或金銀等其它產(chǎn)業(yè)為抵押,年息二分。后來,市易賒貸作了部分調(diào)整,元yP更化罷去市易法,對市易賒貸的欠款進行督索和蠲免。抵當(dāng)所起源于北宋開封府的檢校抵當(dāng),后與市易抵當(dāng)合并,并向全國輻射,雖政局變動,但始終存在,直到宋末。抵當(dāng)所(庫)業(yè)務(wù)形式與私營質(zhì)庫類似,主要經(jīng)營動產(chǎn)抵押借貸,而且資本性、經(jīng)營性借貸在其放款總量中的地位加強了,從而表現(xiàn)出了早期銀行業(yè)的風(fēng)貌。 災(zāi)荒賑貸是利用借貸賑濟災(zāi)民的重要手段,官營賑貸是救助災(zāi)民或貧民的政府行為,大都是靠政府行政手段來推行。元豐時實行了“放稅七分以上方許借貸,四等以下方免出息”的制度,直到南宋末�！耙躁愐仔隆庇诶�息之外,在某種程度上加重了百姓的負擔(dān)。另一方面,政府不得不展限、倚閣甚至蠲免他們不能按期償還債負。南宋經(jīng)營借貸的社倉則是由政府主導(dǎo)的、民間力量積極參與的信用合作組織。盡管社倉借貸存在一些弊端,但是在一定程度上,減輕民眾苦難,促進了社會穩(wěn)定,成為中國古代三大倉儲之一,影響極為深遠。 佛教的無盡藏理論是中國古代佛教寺院借貸的理論依據(jù)。寺院長生庫是宋代佛教寺院借貸的主要機構(gòu)。其資金的來源形式有三種:捐助、存本運息、合本經(jīng)營。寺院借貸業(yè)兼有慈善事業(yè)和高利息借貸剝削的雙重性質(zhì),并在相當(dāng)程度上受到當(dāng)?shù)卣�府的干預(yù)。利息及利息率是借貸業(yè)的核心問題。關(guān)于倍稱之息有三種含義:一、實際年利率達到100%;二、利息積累量的總和;三、法律規(guī)定的利息總量的上限或是債務(wù)償還的極限�！稊�(shù)學(xué)九章》反映了宋代利息計算的水平和質(zhì)庫的經(jīng)營的方式。宋代利息率具有多樣性的特征,一般官營借貸業(yè)的利率低于私營借貸業(yè)的利率;宋代沒有形成一個統(tǒng)一的平均利息率,但利息率大多集中于月息二分到月息四分左右,總體而言,利息率呈現(xiàn)出緩慢下降的趨勢。決定宋代借貸業(yè)的利息率最低限度是土地的地息率,最高限在農(nóng)民的承受能力之內(nèi);影響市場利息率高低的因素較多,主要有國家的利率管制政策、官營借貸利率、物價因素、天災(zāi)人禍、急征暴斂等。 因果報應(yīng)觀念與“好借好還”、“急人之困”、“反對苛求厚息”的借貸倫理相結(jié)合,構(gòu)成了普通借貸者的借貸倫理思想。《袁氏世范》集中反映了借貸經(jīng)營者的思想,提倡經(jīng)營借貸取息;采取調(diào)和主義的態(tài)度,主張對農(nóng)民施行扶助性借貸,不能強取厚息;闡述了幾種不宜假貸的經(jīng)營原則,受到因果報應(yīng)觀念與中國傳統(tǒng)的持家觀念的影響。 “利出于一孔”的官府控制借貸的思想源于《管子》等法家說法,但是表面上以《周禮》為依據(jù),這一派以李覯、蘇轍、王安石為代表,主要思想是通過國家對借貸業(yè)的控制,達到抑制兼并的目的。 “貧富相資,官不為理”的國家不干涉借貸的思想,產(chǎn)生于反對青苗法的斗爭之中,以蘇轍、司馬光、鄭俠等反變法派為代表,主張國家既要保護佃農(nóng)等借貸者的利益,更要保護富民等借貸經(jīng)營者的利益,反對國家控制借貸。南宋除葉適外,真德秀、黃震等思想家大都是在行政實踐中得出了“貧富相資,官不為理”的借貸思想,他們的思想是佃農(nóng)對地主、高利貸者的經(jīng)濟依附關(guān)系的集中反映。 借貸業(yè)官、私并存局面,維持了借貸業(yè)的大體平衡,因而它對社會再生產(chǎn)還是能發(fā)揮一定的作用的,在一定程度上避免了落魄的人們鋌而走險,是困難時期人們生活下去的最后一根救命稻草。宋代借貸業(yè)在災(zāi)荒年景、階級斗爭高漲的時候,對保證小農(nóng)生產(chǎn)的延續(xù),對促進商品經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,對緩和民族矛盾、鞏固邊防,維護社會穩(wěn)定等方面發(fā)揮了一定的作用。在某種程度上成為社會減壓閥,因而也就不可能成為農(nóng)民起義的斗爭對象。 總之,宋代借貸業(yè)已發(fā)展形成一個比較完備的體系,官營借貸業(yè)發(fā)展迅速,借貸機構(gòu)大量涌現(xiàn),借貸市場出現(xiàn),金融范疇已經(jīng)萌芽;但是民間自由借貸仍占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位,機構(gòu)借貸也是業(yè)務(wù)形式單一,沒有發(fā)展形成為近現(xiàn)代的銀行,實物仍是借貸主要載體,救災(zāi)性、救急性的消費借貸仍是其主流。
[Abstract]:The lending industry is one of the most important economic categories in feudal society . In the Song Dynasty , the lending industry further developed with the development of economic , political and social life . The class composition of the borrowers in the Song Dynasty is complex , but the main body of the borrower is the bureaucrats , the businessmen and the landlords . People in the Song Dynasty depend on the borrowing and the surplus people almost all the class and stratum , but mainly the individual farmers . In Song Dynasty , real estate mortgage has three ways of " selling " , " leaning when " and " offsetting " . The government pays more attention to the adjustment of the relationship between creditor and debtor through legal means ; the repayment of debt has the active repayment , the official is to guarantee the stability of the social stability to pay off , the strong claim and so on . At the same time , the creditor ' s active repayment of debt - free situation is also multi - see . The private treasury is at the core position of the private borrowing , and the influence of the external influence is very large , and the influence is often negative , which hinders the normal development of the private lending industry . The Qinghai - Miao method has been introduced in the second two years of Shen Zong . After that , the Qinghai - Miao Law has been continuously improved in the course of its implementation . It has been applied to the flexible , practical and operational directions . The Qinghai - Miao Law has set up a self - up lending network through the organizational structure of the regime , and has been implemented in the border area . However , it has met the demand of the farmers ' partial borrowing , has increased the government revenue , has cracked the annexation power to a certain extent , and is a major breakthrough in the agricultural financial credit in China ' s history . During the period of Mr . Xi ' ning , the loan - collecting and interest - collecting business of the small and medium - sized businessman has taken a place in the economic activity of the fund - melting in the Song Dynasty . On the other hand , the government has to extend its limits , and the government has to extend its limits to the government ' s government - led credit cooperative organizations . In the meantime , the government has to extend its limits to the government - led credit cooperative organizations . However , in some extent , the government has to limit the suffering of the public , promote social stability and become one of the three big stores in China , which has a profound impact . The hidden theory of Buddhism is the theoretical basis for the borrowing of Buddhist temples in ancient China . There are three main sources of the borrowing of Buddhist temples in the Song Dynasty . The concept of causality is combined with the borrowing ethics of " good borrowing and good return " , " eager people " and " anti - demanding thick interest " , which constitute the lending ethics thought of ordinary borrowers . The thought of the control and borrowing of the official residence of " profit out of one hole " originated from the legal family such as Guan Zi , but on the basis of Zhou Li , the main idea is to control the lending industry through the state to achieve the purpose of suppressing mergers and acquisitions . Microsoft.TeamFoundation . Modeling.dll In the struggle between the rich and the poor , the official who does not interfere with the lending of the state does not interfere with the idea of borrowing and borrowing , which is generated in the struggle against the Qinghai - Miao law , and advocates the state not only to protect the interests of the borrowers such as the tenants , but also to protect the interests of the borrowers and other borrowers such as the rich and the like , and to oppose the state control lending . The loan industry in the Song Dynasty has played a certain role in the social reproduction and the last resort of life in the difficult period . It has played a certain role in promoting the development of the small - scale peasant economy . It has played a certain role in promoting the development of the commodity economy , consolidating the frontier defense and maintaining social stability . In short , Song Dynasty ' s lending has developed into a comparatively complete system , the development of the official lending industry is rapid , the lending institution has sprung up , the lending market appears , the financial category is already sprouting ; however , the private free loan still occupies the dominant position , and the institution borrowing is also the single form of the business form , and the physical borrowing is still the main carrier of lending , disaster relief and rescue of the acute consumption loan are still the main stream .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K244

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 陸慧;民間融資的法律規(guī)制研究[D];武漢理工大學(xué);2012年

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本文編號：1480904