發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-02-02 02:07

  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 語用策略 博弈論 效用和收益 最優(yōu)選擇　出處：《山西大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：語用策略是交際者達(dá)到自己交際目的的有效手段。Verschueren認(rèn)為話語中的策略是在意義產(chǎn)生過程中起連接顯性含義和隱含義的作用。關(guān)于語用策略的研究主要分布在不同的領(lǐng)域,如外語教學(xué),商務(wù)談判,外交事務(wù)和日常會(huì)話等等。這些研究都是從語用學(xué)的一些理論角度來分析特定語境中的策略特點(diǎn)。而本文將博弈理論思想引入對話語的分析。本文以語料為基礎(chǔ),運(yùn)用博弈論中的策略思維來分析一些場合中的漢語會(huì)話策略的選擇,主要采用定性的研究方法。 運(yùn)用博弈思維來分析話語中的策略主要是研究選擇以及選擇的最優(yōu)性問題。面對一個(gè)問題,回答者有很多回答可以選擇,我們稱之為策略集。回答者依據(jù)會(huì)話時(shí)的語境,說話者本人的目的,預(yù)期效用,對方的反應(yīng),權(quán)勢地位等因素,對這些策略進(jìn)行選擇,同時(shí)結(jié)合對方可能進(jìn)行的選擇來做出效用的權(quán)衡。最終是基于對方的可能選擇和自身的效用或收益而進(jìn)行選擇。作為博弈中最為重要的因素之一,策略在會(huì)話中的分析運(yùn)用能科學(xué)合理幫助會(huì)話雙方進(jìn)行收益權(quán)衡,這也是本文的創(chuàng)新之處。 文章全面的闡述了會(huì)話中最為典型的一些策略,包括直接和間接策略。直接策略闡明最常見最有效的兩種方式：直接打斷和直接拒絕。這兩種方式是在一定的語境中使用相對較多的策略。例如在一些外交場合,直接策略能夠準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)交際者的意圖和目的,能夠表達(dá)自己鮮明的立場,不會(huì)模棱兩可更不會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義。 間接策略則分為委婉,模糊,修辭,自貶,歧義,故意曲解和轉(zhuǎn)移話題。在語料基礎(chǔ)上,文章分析了在特定語境形勢下會(huì)話雙力如進(jìn)行博弈并選擇最優(yōu)策略從而使收益最高。由于交際過程中交際目的的不一致,導(dǎo)致交際會(huì)有一些“沖突”,因此間接策略才會(huì)被交際者頻繁采用。盡管間接策略有時(shí)不一定會(huì)被交際者識別其隱含的真正意圖,但是作為表達(dá)交際意圖的有效交際手段,間接策略仍然是廣泛被采用的策略。 出于各種原因,交際者常常會(huì)采用間接策略。例如間接拒絕,避免使用否定詞以減緩直接拒絕所帶來的“沖擊”。間接拒絕可以采用的策略有：歧義,故意曲解,修辭,回避以及模糊等等。間接策略不同于直接策略,它在漢語交際中使用的頻率較大。由于中國文化及中國人的含蓄特點(diǎn),漢語交際有一個(gè)明顯區(qū)別于英語交際的特點(diǎn)：模糊性。中國人表達(dá)自己的目的通常不會(huì)很直白的說出來,而是采用含蓄的方式用漢語的隱含意思來表達(dá)。但是在具體的語境中,由于交際目的的沖突性,交際雙方也在進(jìn)行著語言博弈,通過對語境的把握和判斷以及交際雙方的博弈,交際者采用最優(yōu)的方式來達(dá)到其最多的收益。 文章還闡述了語用策略的功能。語用策略的使用提高了話語的效用,讓話語更有力的表達(dá)出說話者的意圖,并且有助于達(dá)到會(huì)話雙方策略的最優(yōu)性。語用策略的使用,常常會(huì)帶給人們幽默的效果,使得會(huì)話更融洽有效的進(jìn)行。由于中國文化強(qiáng)調(diào)含蓄之美,語言也不可避免有著這一特點(diǎn)。在實(shí)際交往中,會(huì)話雙方為了禮貌、保全面子、避免尷尬,常常會(huì)使用一些修辭,模糊,歧義等語用策略以求更好的達(dá)到交際的目的。
[Abstract]:Pragmatic strategy is.Verschueren effective communicators to achieve their communicative purpose in discourse strategy is generated between explicit meaning and implicit meaning of the role in the process of significance. Research on pragmatic strategies mainly distributed in different areas, such as language teaching, business negotiation, foreign affairs and daily conversation and so on. These studies are to analyze the characteristics of strategy in a specific context from the perspective of pragmatics theory. The game theory is introduced into the analysis of discourse. This paper is based on the corpus, using the thinking strategy in game theory to analyze Chinese Conversational Strategies in some occasions in the selection, mainly adopts qualitative research methods.
Application of game theory in strategy mainly solves the problem of optimality. Faced with a problem, there are many respondents can choose to answer, we call the strategy set. Answer according to conversation context, the speaker himself, with the expected effect, the reaction of the other side, power factor so, the selection of these strategies, combined with other possible weighing options to make the utility. Finally is based on each other and may choose their own utility or benefits to choose. As the most important factor in the game, strategy analysis in the session can use scientific and reasonable income to help the two sides of the conversation the trade-off, which is the innovation of this paper.
This paper describes some of the most typical strategy in the session, including direct and indirect strategies. The most common and most effective strategies directly illustrates two ways: direct interruption and direct refusal. The two way is to use more strategies in certain contexts. For example in some diplomatic occasions, the direct method can accurately the expression of the communicator's intention and purpose, to express their distinct position, not more ready to accept either course avoiding ambiguity.
Indirect strategies include euphemism, fuzzy rhetoric, self deprecating, ambiguity, deliberate misinterpretation and transferring topics in the corpus. On the basis of the analysis in the context of situation such as game and double session to choose the optimal strategy so that the highest income. Because the communicative purpose in the process of communication is not the same, will lead to communication there are some "conflict", so the strategy will be indirect communication. Despite the frequent use of indirect strategies sometimes will not necessarily be communicative recognition the implied true intentions, but as an expression of effective means of communication communication intention, indirect strategy is still widely used.
For various reasons, people often use indirect strategy. For example, indirect refusal, avoid using negative words to reduce direct refusal caused by "shock". The indirect methods can be used: ambiguity, deliberate misinterpretation, rhetoric, and so on. The indirect fuzzy avoidance strategy is different from the direct strategies are more frequently used in Chinese communication. Due to the implicit characteristics of China culture and Chinese, Chinese communication has a significantly different from English communicative features: fuzziness. Chinese express their purpose is usually not very straightforward to say, which is the implicit way with Chinese implied expression. But in the specific context because of the conflict, communication, communication between the two sides in the game through the game of language, context and grasp the judgment and communication of both communicators using the optimal way. To its maximum benefit.
The paper also elaborates on the pragmatic strategies. Use of pragmatic strategies to improve the effectiveness of discourse, let the words expressing the speaker's intention is more powerful, the optimality and contribute to both sides of the conversation. The strategy to achieve the use of pragmatic strategies, often bring people the effect of humor, makes the conversation more harmonious and effective because. China culture emphasizes subtle beauty, language inevitably has this feature. In actual intercourse, both sides of the conversation in order to save face, politeness, to avoid embarrassment, often use some rhetoric, fuzzy, ambiguity and pragmatic strategies in order to better achieve the purpose of communication.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：H13

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本文編號：1483380