從“處境中的自由”看薩特前期哲學(xué)與文學(xué)的錯(cuò)位
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-03-12 10:26
【摘要】：薩特不但是法國(guó)存在主義哲學(xué)的重要代表,還是一位頗具影響的作家,一生中創(chuàng)作了大量的哲學(xué)著作、小說(shuō)及戲劇劇本。作為哲學(xué)家的薩特與作為文學(xué)家的薩特總是被聯(lián)系在一起,但將二者加以對(duì)比則會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),在“處境中的自由”這個(gè)問(wèn)題上,薩特前期的哲學(xué)思想與文學(xué)寫(xiě)作是存在錯(cuò)位的�！叭说淖杂伞笔撬_特哲學(xué)的中心議題。薩特從他的存在主義哲學(xué)出發(fā),將自由和人的存在緊密聯(lián)系在一起,指出人的存在就是人的自由。但是,由于薩特真正關(guān)心的是人的生存問(wèn)題,因此他并不滿足于將“自由”的論證停留在超驗(yàn)-本體的層面,而是承認(rèn)了“自由是處于具體處境中的”這一事實(shí)。所以,幾乎在薩特的所有作品中都能看到自由和處境這兩個(gè)主題,或者說(shuō)是同一主題的兩個(gè)方面:處境中的自由。人是如何在處境中追求自由的,這不僅僅是薩特哲學(xué)想要論證的目標(biāo),同時(shí),薩特也通過(guò)其文學(xué)作品探討了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。在《存在與虛無(wú)》中,薩特認(rèn)為自由的絕對(duì)性是在任何處境中都不能被否定的,因?yàn)樗刑幘扯际亲杂蛇x擇的結(jié)果:自由首先賦予處境以意義,然后將其塑造為具體的處境�？梢钥吹�,雖然薩特在《存在與虛無(wú)》中對(duì)處境中的自由做了大篇幅的論證,但由于對(duì)人的存在的描述缺乏歷史的維度,他終究未能將其自由觀點(diǎn)從本體論層面過(guò)渡到現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)世界。但是當(dāng)這種自由落實(shí)在具體的文學(xué)文本中時(shí),它是通過(guò)人的具體選擇以現(xiàn)實(shí)的、歷史的方式呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)的:薩特文學(xué)作品的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義傾向使其中的人物總是囿于一個(gè)無(wú)法回避的具體處境,人的自由受到了各種極限處境的壓迫。正是由于以上原因,薩特前期的哲學(xué)與文學(xué)產(chǎn)生了錯(cuò)位。薩特的自由思想在后期經(jīng)歷了較大的轉(zhuǎn)變,他注意到由于缺乏對(duì)行動(dòng)的具體條件和現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)環(huán)境的認(rèn)識(shí),絕對(duì)自由是無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)的。但從內(nèi)在看,這種轉(zhuǎn)變?cè)谄湮膶W(xué)作品中一直有跡可循,可以說(shuō),在某種意義上,薩特正是通過(guò)文學(xué)介入的方式實(shí)踐了他的自由觀,并在一定程度上紓解了其中的內(nèi)在矛盾。
[Abstract]:Sartre is not only an important representative of French existentialism philosophy, but also an influential writer. He has written a lot of philosophical works, novels and drama plays in his life. Sartre, as a philosopher, and Sartre, as a writer, are always associated with each other, but by comparing them, it can be found that there is a misalignment between Sartre's early philosophical thoughts and literary writing on the issue of "freedom in a situation". Man's Freedom is the central topic of Sartre's philosophy. From his existentialist philosophy, Sartre closely linked freedom with human being and pointed out that human existence is human freedom. However, because Sartre is really concerned about the problem of human existence, he is not satisfied with putting the argument of "freedom" on the transcendental-ontological level, but concedes the fact that "freedom is in a concrete situation". So, in almost all of Sartre's works, we can see the two themes of freedom and situation, or two aspects of the same subject: freedom in a situation. It is not only the aim of Sartre's philosophy to prove how man pursues freedom in his situation, but also discusses this problem through his literary works. In being and Nothingness, Sartre argues that the absolute nature of freedom cannot be denied in any situation, for all situations are the result of free choice: freedom first gives meaning to the situation and then shapes it into a concrete situation. It can be seen that although Sartre did a great deal of argumentation about freedom in the situation in "being and nothingness", because of the lack of historical dimensions of the description of human existence, After all, he failed to transition his view of freedom from ontological level to the real world of experience. But when this freedom is implemented in concrete literary texts, it is realistic through man's specific choices. The historical way shows: the realistic tendency of Sartre's literary works makes the characters always confined to a specific situation which cannot be avoided, and the freedom of man is oppressed by all kinds of extreme situations. It is because of the above reasons that Sartre's early philosophy and literature have been misplaced. Sartre's idea of freedom has undergone a great change in the later period, and he notes that absolute freedom cannot be realized because of the lack of understanding of the concrete conditions of action and the realistic social environment. But from the internal point of view, this kind of change has always been followed in his literary works. It can be said that, in a certain sense, Sartre practiced his view of freedom through literary intervention, and to a certain extent alleviated the internal contradictions among them.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：I01
本文編號(hào)：2438693
[Abstract]:Sartre is not only an important representative of French existentialism philosophy, but also an influential writer. He has written a lot of philosophical works, novels and drama plays in his life. Sartre, as a philosopher, and Sartre, as a writer, are always associated with each other, but by comparing them, it can be found that there is a misalignment between Sartre's early philosophical thoughts and literary writing on the issue of "freedom in a situation". Man's Freedom is the central topic of Sartre's philosophy. From his existentialist philosophy, Sartre closely linked freedom with human being and pointed out that human existence is human freedom. However, because Sartre is really concerned about the problem of human existence, he is not satisfied with putting the argument of "freedom" on the transcendental-ontological level, but concedes the fact that "freedom is in a concrete situation". So, in almost all of Sartre's works, we can see the two themes of freedom and situation, or two aspects of the same subject: freedom in a situation. It is not only the aim of Sartre's philosophy to prove how man pursues freedom in his situation, but also discusses this problem through his literary works. In being and Nothingness, Sartre argues that the absolute nature of freedom cannot be denied in any situation, for all situations are the result of free choice: freedom first gives meaning to the situation and then shapes it into a concrete situation. It can be seen that although Sartre did a great deal of argumentation about freedom in the situation in "being and nothingness", because of the lack of historical dimensions of the description of human existence, After all, he failed to transition his view of freedom from ontological level to the real world of experience. But when this freedom is implemented in concrete literary texts, it is realistic through man's specific choices. The historical way shows: the realistic tendency of Sartre's literary works makes the characters always confined to a specific situation which cannot be avoided, and the freedom of man is oppressed by all kinds of extreme situations. It is because of the above reasons that Sartre's early philosophy and literature have been misplaced. Sartre's idea of freedom has undergone a great change in the later period, and he notes that absolute freedom cannot be realized because of the lack of understanding of the concrete conditions of action and the realistic social environment. But from the internal point of view, this kind of change has always been followed in his literary works. It can be said that, in a certain sense, Sartre practiced his view of freedom through literary intervention, and to a certain extent alleviated the internal contradictions among them.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：I01
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前5條
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